The EMU and the Euro :: essays research papers

The movement towards the European Monetary Union and the creation of the euro lasted many years, everlasting(a) with key personalities and major governmental treaties. When finally organized and implemented, it lead to a historical event that will forever change international economics. Of course with a change this tremendous comes the good and the bad, besides if the economic welfare of the people is improved, everything was worth all the hassle.HISTORY OF THE MOVEMENTThe beginnings of the movement for European monetary fusion go back at least to the founding of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (which then became the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, or OECD) in 1948. One of the OECCs first accomplishments was the European Payments Union, established in 1950 and accomplished by the end of 1958, where the nations of Western Europe put their international reserves together and coordinated their policies with the heart of reestablishing curre nt account convertibility. In 1962 the Commission of the European Communities produced its first plan for a monetary union, which included a deadline for completion of nine years. Obviously, this deadline was a microscopical overambitious for a group of countries whose only collective achievements had been the European Coal and Steel Community, an atomic energy community (Euratom), a customs union (the European Economic Community), and the Common Agricultural Policy of farm-product subsidization. The only accomplishment of the 1962 effort was a Committee of Central Bank Governors which was set up in 1964 but did not actually operate until the 1970s.At the Hague Summit in 1969, European governments delegated a committee headed by Pierre Werner, then Prime Minister of Luxembourg, to overdress a new plan. The Werner Report, finished in 1970, called for monetary unification within ten years. The plan scheduled a transition to happen in stages. In the first stage, exchange rate fluctua tions would be limited, and governments would start to integrate their monetary and fiscal policies. In the second stage, exchange rate variability and price discrepancies would be further reduced. In the third stage, exchange rates would be fixed permanently, capital controls removed, and an European Community(EC) system of central banks (somewhat modeled on the U.S. Federal constraint System) would take control of the monetary policies of the member nations. The size of the EC budget would be greatly increased and the EC would coordinate national tax and outlay programs. The makers of the Werner Report were not attached to a single currency.

Irving Howe and Inivisble Man :: Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man

Invisible Man is a novel based on the journey and experiences of an unnamed pitch grimness man during contemporary America. He is in search of success, companionship, and himself. Irving Howe says that, The beginning is a nightmare, because it begins with a black timid boy who is awarded a scholarship and sent to the siemens and invited to a ballroom with other black boys and they observe and are frightened by a woman dancing nude. The boys who are blindfolded create a battle royal or a raucous, but after the chaos the black boy give a thank you speech. Although the beginning of the novel is a bit frightening, the rest of however is pretty straight forward, it basically just tells the life story of this unnamed adept (the Negro boy who is the Invisible Man). The hero goes to his Southern college, but is expelled, so is forced to leave for New York, where he works in a factory and becomes a soap boxer. Next Howe comments on Ellisons mode by calling him gifted but not a finished craftsman. Howe means that Ellison tries to overwhelm the reader, when instead he should be each persuading or telling the story. The novel is written in first person singular and therefore Howe mentions that it is hard to distinguish between the hero and himself (the matured I telling the story and the I who is the victim). The middle section of the novel concerns the Harlem Stalinists (Communists), to Howe it appears untrue, due to the fact that Ellison wrote with bitterness and made the Stalinists seem stupid, vicious and cynical. He was not affect either by the Invisible Mans final discovery that after he quit the Communist Party, my world has become one of unnumberable possibilities, because he did not want to be rejected nor not seen by various social groups. I agree with Howe, that Ellison is a very gifted writer, with an atrocious style. I would have to disagree with Howe however, when he mentions that Ellison tries to overwhelm the reader and that it gets confusing beca use it is written in first person. Although Ralph Ellison, relies heavily on various symbol (visions and black and white), which can get confusing at times, but they can only help the novel and in no way destroy it. Also, Ellisons style is also creative because it allows the novel to appear as if you were actually listen to a Negro telling the story, in the sense that Ellisons wrote in the local anesthetic dialect of the time (with a Southern Negro accent).

sports psychology Essay example -- essays research papers

     Sports is by far one of the fastest growing chivalric times in the United States (Rainer1987). Even if people dont take it to the professional level, sporting events argon happeningin our backyards, and at all of our local schools almost the country. With the growingpopularity and the increasing competitiveness of the sports, it will take more than just aphysical advantage to compete at the highest level. This is where the psychology of sportscomes into play.       death cathode-ray oscilloscope is a hugely powerful technique that can yield strong returns in all argonasof an athletes life. At its simplest level the process of move goals and targets allowspeople to choose where they want to go in life. By knowing what a person wants toachieve, they know what they have to concentrate on, and what is merely a distraction.Goal setting dies long-term vision, and short-term motivation. By setting goals theathlete can achieve more, improve performance, improve the quality of the training,increase the motivation to achieve, increase presumption and satisfaction in their performance,and improve their self-confidence (Bull, 1983).Research (Bull, 1983) has shown thatpeople who use goal-setting effectively suffer less from stress and anxiety, concentratebetter, show more self-confidence, perform better, and are happier with their performance.The way in which an athlete sets his goals strongly affects their effectiveness. Beforesetting goals, the athlete should have set the background of goal setting by understandingtheir consignment to sports, understanding the level they want to reach within the sport,knowing the skills that will have to be acquired and the levels of performance that will beneeded, and know where this will extend into their overall life goals. The following broadguidelines apply to setting effective goals. Positive statements, be precise, set priorities,write goals down to avoid confusion and give them more force, and keep operationalgoals small (Rainer, 1987). "Your body is a beautifully evolved sporting machine,comprising, among other things, muscles that can be trained to a peak of physical fitness andnerves that control the muscles" (Morris 1992). The nerves are massively associate in anathletes brain vast numbers of nerve cells are linked with a hugely greater number ofinterconnections. Many of th... ...in negativethinking (Bull 1983). The athlete needs mental energy to be able to concentrate their upkeep and maintain good mental attitudes. If the athlete is concentrating effectivelythen the athlete can conserve physical energy by maintaining good technique when theirmuscles are tired. The athlete can waste mental energy on worry, stress, fretting overdistractions, and negative thinking. Over a long competition, these not only damageenjoyment, besides also drain energy so that performance suffers. It is therefore important toavoid these by good use of sports psyc hology, and by resting effectively between eventsand by ensuring that the athlete sleep properly.     Sports psychology is a relatively new idea and just now it is becoming more of anormal thing instead than something only pro athletes do. The study of the mind and how itrelates to sports is a beneficial thing that even our own school uses to help improveperformance. Over the last twain years our Varsity and JV boys basketball team has used asports psychologist from Boulder two or three times during the year. Sports psychology isno long-range looked down upon, it is now a legitimate practice.

Undercover marketing :: essays research papers

Undercover MarketingUndercover Marketing is an unconventional strategy used to attract consumers. It is where the consumer doesnt realize theyre being marketed to. The aim of any undercover campaign is to generate a buzz ab extinct a new product. The largest appeal of undercover marketing is that it offers free word of let the cat out of the bag that can reach many consumers.There are a fewer ways to implement this kind of marketing. One way is to hire models or celebrities to be seen drinking a particular new beverage at a bar. Another way is to use fake tourists. These fake tourists ask some maven to channelise their picture with a new high tech camera and hence they explain the benefits of the new camera they are using.There are a few companies who have done this type of marketing. One company, c every last(predicate)ed Essential Reality, launched a new type of video game glove. With the glove on, you can fly planes and fire weapons all with the movement of your fingers. The idea was to market the glove at coffee shops and crowded places. All the company did to market there new glove was go out and have fun with their latest toy and wait to be approached by consumers. When approached, they would ask other people to give the glove a try. They would also show clever sound bites similar to Its like you are actually in the game. The marketers would because tell them how well they are doing with the glove on. No one is trying to selling you anything. The companies just want to get you to want their new product and to tell your friends about it. They want to get you involved with it. They pretend to be your friends and offer information about the products.When Sony Ericsson released its new phone that took pictures, they launched a program called fake tourists. Sixty actors took to the streets in ten cities. They would approach people and ask then to take there picture with their new phone. Once the phone was in the consumers hand, the fake tourist would s ay something like, Thanks for taking our picture. That phone is cool, right? And then they would explain some of the phones features.The companies who employ undercover marketing are feeding off of the word of mouth tactic to sell products and get the word out. The riddle is, their word of mouth tactic is not genuine.

Toyota Supply Chain Essays -- Business Management, Lean Manufacturing

IntroductionThe business environment is increasingly becoming competitive and challenging. In the recent past, manufacturers have found themselves facing the threat of dwindling reach margins due to unfortunate global events such as the 2007 global financial crisis and the on going Europe economic crisis. The need to improve operation energy so as to ensure current and future investment yield the highest rate of return has therefore become extremely important. Manufacturers are now actively engaged in, managing their costs, Research and Development, adopting best procurement strategies, among other Actions. While such actions might eventually lead to positive results, additional business value finish be achieved through proper management of the supply set up (Waymer, Ivanaj & Mussa 2009 Krivda 2004). To support this assertion Krivda (2004) cites the findings of AMR Research Inc. According to this research, companies that have adopted proper supply chain operation and management e njoy greater performance as determined by various financial measures. Specifically, excellence in supply chain goat result in relatively accurate demand forecast therefore making such companies realize higher profit margin by calculate 5%, a 15% percent lower inventory, a stronger perfect order rating rating of up to 17%, and a comparative shorter cash-to-cash vibration time of about 35% (Krivda 2004). Generally, a superior supply bowed stringed instrument is an important and unique source of competitive advantage. Its importance is especially illuminated in Multinational companies such as Toyota. Putting this into consideration, the question that now begs for an answer is whether Toyotas supply chain is effectively serving the organization. Without a doubt, Toyota ha... .... 68-73.Womack, J., & Jones, T. D., 1996, Lean Thinking. sassy York Simon and Schuster. Supply Chain Digest, 2010. Supply Chain News Is Lean to Blame for Toyotas Recall Issues? SupplyChainDigestTM , online Available at Accessed 22 December 2014.Supply Chain Digest, 2010. Growth and Global Expansion Put Strains on the Toyota WaySupplyChainDigestTM , online Available at Accessed 22 December 2014.Teresko, J., 2001. Toyotas New Challenge. Industry week, online Available at http//www.industryweek.com/articles/toyotas_new_challenge_793.aspxAccessed 22 December 2014.Waymer, L., Ivanaj, V., & Mussa, L. (2009).International business Critical considerations. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

Toyota Supply Chain Essays -- Business Management, Lean Manufacturing

IntroductionThe business environment is increasingly becoming emulous and challenging. In the recent past, manufacturers sport open themselves facing the threat of dwindling profit margins due to unfortunate global events such as the 2007 global financial crisis and the on going Europe scotch crisis. The need to improve operation efficiency so as to ensure current and future investment yield the highest rate of return has therefore suffer extremely important. Manufacturers are now actively engaged in, managing their costs, Research and Development, adopting best procurement strategies, among other Actions. While such actions might eventually lead to coercive results, additional business value can be achieved through proper management of the supply chain (Waymer, Ivanaj & Mussa 2009 Krivda 2004). To support this assertion Krivda (2004) cites the findings of AMR Research Inc. According to this research, companies that have adopted proper supply chain operation and management enjo y greater performance as determined by various financial measures. Specifically, uprightness in supply chain can result in relatively accurate demand forecast therefore making such companies realize higher(prenominal) profit margin by approximate 5%, a 15% percent lower inventory, a stronger perfect order rating rating of up to 17%, and a comparative shorter cash-to-cash cycle time of about 35% (Krivda 2004). Generally, a superior supply Chain is an important and unique source of competitive advantage. Its importance is especially illuminated in Multinational companies such as Toyota. Putting this into consideration, the question that now begs for an answer is whether Toyotas supply chain is in effect serving the organization. Without a doubt, Toyota ha... .... 68-73.Womack, J., & Jones, T. D., 1996, Lean Thinking. New York Simon and Schuster. Supply Chain Digest, 2010. Supply Chain News Is Lean to Blame for Toyotas Recall Issues? SupplyChainDigestTM , online Available at Access ed 22 December 2014.Supply Chain Digest, 2010. Growth and Global Expansion Put Strains on the Toyota WaySupplyChainDigestTM , online Available at Accessed 22 December 2014.Teresko, J., 2001. Toyotas New Challenge. Industry week, online Available at http//www.industryweek.com/articles/toyotas_new_challenge_793.aspxAccessed 22 December 2014.Waymer, L., Ivanaj, V., & Mussa, L. (2009).International business Critical considerations. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.

Kant and Business

Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher from the 18th century, who put forward a new theory of morality. He was really much concerned with formulating a criterion of moral obligation that is different from the traditional moral philosophies of his time, which consisted in the development of good character traits that must be possessed by humans. Other moral philosophies rejected by Kant include utilitarianism, which determined morality based on the consequence of their effects (The Internet encyclopaedia of Philosophy, 2001).Kant was subject to formulate one supreme principle of morality, which he called the categorical clamant. Kant thus wrote several works to explain his theory of morality, with titles such as The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, The Critique of possible Reason, and The Metaphysics of Morals (The Internet encyclopaedia of Philosophy, 2001). His first work, The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals gave Kants clearest explanation of his notion of t he categorical imperative.Kant posited that the categorical imperative is the ultimate moral principle, which means that it could take to heart as the moral principle to guide to all human actions. Given the huge function of the categorical imperative, Kant provided that it must meet specific criteria. Hence, the categorical imperative should be objective, rational and freely chosen (The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2001). The categorical imperative was formulated, thusSo act, that the rule on which thou actest would admit of beingness adopted as a law by all rational beings. (Kant,1785).Kants moral philosophy is centered on the notion of obligation. This is because Kant believed it is best to take an objective rationale for morality, rather than subjective factors such as pleasure. Moreover, Kant believed that the proper actions of man could be determined through reason alone (The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2001).Kant believed that moral obligation would be me t when three essential elements are complied with. The first one involves obligation, which looks as the rational consideration for the human will. Second, this obligation shall be uttered in the form of a command that demands a specific course of action. Lastly, Kant demands thatthe moral standard should not be based on consequences of the act. (The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2001).closely connected with the categorical imperative is the principle of universalizability, formulated by Kant as followsSo act, that the rule on which thou actest would admit of being adopted as a law by all rational beings (Kant, 1785).This principle means that an action can only be considered an ethical imperative if his desired action could be formulated as a general rule for all humans facing similar circumstances in the future (Kant).Laws that could serve as an example of Kants ethical philosophy in the business context are laws against job discrimination. There are many laws that prohibit businesses from discriminating employees on account of their age, gender, national origin, color, or religion. Examples of these laws are the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the pit Pay Act of 1963, and the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission).All of these laws succeed with the criteria set by Kant to his categorical imperative. These laws look at the notion of obligation and make the laws applicable to all people in similar situations. They also serve as definite rule of conduct that are based on reason and not subjective factors like emotions.ReferencesKant, I. (1785). The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals.The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2001). The Categorical Imperative. Retrieved January 31, 2008, from http//www.nd.edu/rbarger/categorical-imperative.htmlThe U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Federal Laws Prohibiting Job Discrimination Questions And Answers. Retrieved January 31, 2008, from http//www.eeoc.gov/fa cts/qanda.html

The Host Chapter 2: Overheard

The voices were soft and close and, though I was whole now aware of them, apparently in the middle of a murmured conversation.Im afraid its in any case much for her, maven said. The voice was soft moreover deep, male. Too much for anyone. Such violence The tone spoke of revulsion.She screamed only once, said a higher, reedy, womanhoodly voice, pointing this out with a hint of glee, as ifshe were winning an argument.I know, the man admitted. She is very surd. Others have had much more trauma, with much less cause.Im sure shell be fine, serious as I told you.Maybe you missed your affair. There was an edge to the mans voice. Sarcasm, my memory come tod it. Perhaps you were meant to be a healer, like me.The woman made a sound of amusement. Laughter. I doubt that. We searchers prefer a different sort of diagnosis.My body k mod this word, this titleSeeker. It sent a shudder of fear down my spine. A leftover reaction.I sometimes wonder if the infection of humanity touches those in your profession, the man mused, his voice still sour with annoyance. Violence is part of your life choice. Does enough of your bodys native temperament linger to give you enjoyment of the horror?I was surprised at his accusation, at his tone. This discussion was almost like an argument. Something my host was acquainted(predicate) with nevertheless that Id never experienced.The woman was defensive. We do not choose violence. We face it when we must. And its a good thing for the succour of you that some of us are strong enough for the unpleasantness. Your peace would be shattered without our work.Once upon a time. Your vocation will soon be obsolete, I think.The error of that statement lies on the hunch over there.One human girl, alone and unarmed Yes, quite a threat to our peace.The woman breathed out heavily. A sigh. But where did she come from? How did she appear in the middle of Chicagone, a city long since civilized, hundreds of miles from any trace of rebel activity? Di d she manage it alone?She listed the questions without put onming to seek an answer, as if she had already gentle them many times.Thats your problem, not mine, the man said. My job is to help this soul adapt herself to her new host without unnecessary pain or trauma. And you are here to hinder with my job.Still slowly surfacing, acclimating myself to this new ball of senses, I understood only now that I was the subject of the conversation. I was the soul they spoke of. It was a new connotation to the word, a word that had meant many separate things to my host. On every planet we took a different name.Soul. I suppose it was an apt description. The unseen chock up that guides the body.The answers to my questions matter as much as your responsibilities to the soul.Thats debatable.There was the sound of movement, and her voice was suddenly a whisper. When will she become responsive? The sedation must be about to wear off.When shes ready. Leave her be. She deserves to handle the si tuation however she finds most comfortable. Imagine the shock of her awakeninginside a rebel host injured to the point of expiration in the escape attempt No one should have to endure such trauma in times of peace His voice rose with the make up of emotion.She is strong. The womans tone was reassuring now. See how well she did with the first memory, the worst memory. Whatever she expected, she handled this.Why should she have to? the man muttered, but he didnt seem to expect an answer.Needbeing your word. I would choose the termwant. Then someone must take on the unpleasantness, she continued as if he had not interrupted. And I think, from all I know of this one, she would subscribe to the challenge if there had been any way to ask her. What do you call her?The man didnt speak for a long moment. The woman waited.Wanderer, he finally and unwillingly answered.Fitting, she said. I dont have any official statistics, but she has to be one of the very few, if not the only one, who has wandered so far. Yes,Wanderer will suit her well until she chooses a new name for herself.He said nothing.Of course, she may assume the hosts name. We found no matches on record for the fingerprints or retinal scan. I cant tell you what that name was.She wont take the human name, the man muttered.Her response was conciliatory. Everyone finds comfort their own way.This Wanderer will need more comfort than most, thanks to your style of Seeking.There were snappy soundsfootsteps, staccato against a weighty floor. When she spoke again, the womans voice was across the room from the man.You would have reacted poorly to the early days of this occupation, she said. Perhaps you react poorly to peace.The woman laughed, but the sound was falsethere was no real amusement. My mind seemed well adapted to inferring the true meanings from tones and inflections.You do not have a clear perception of what my Calling entails. Long hours hunched over files and maps. Mostly desk work. Not very often the conflict or violence you seem to think it is.Ten days ago you were armed with killing weapons, running this body down.The exception, I assure you, not the rule. Do not forget, the weapons that disgust you are turned on our kind wheresoever we Seekers have not been vigilant enough. The humans kill us happily whenever they have the ability to do so. Those whose lives have been touched by the hostility see us as heroes.You speak as if a war were raging.To the remains of the human race, one is.These words were strong in my ears. My body reacted to them I snarl my breathing speed, heard theBut one that even so they must realize is long lost. They are outnumbered by what? A million to one? I cypher you would know.We estimate the odds are quite a bit higher in our favor, she admitted grudgingly.The Healer appeared to be content to let his side of the disagreement rest with that information. It was quiet for a moment.I used the empty time to evaluate my situation. Much was obvious.I was in a Healing facility, recovering from an unusually traumatic insertion. I was sure the body that hosted me had been fully healed before it was given to me. A damaged host would have been disposed of.I considered the conflicting opinions of the Healer and the Seeker. According to the information I had been given before making the choice to come here, the Healer had the right of it. Hostilities with the few remaining pockets of humans were all but over. The planet called Earth was as peaceful and serene as it looked from space, invitingly green and blue, wreathed in its harmless white vapors. As was the way of the soul, harmony was world-wide now.The verbal dissension between the Healer and the Seeker was out of character. Strangely aggressive for our kind. It made me wonder. Could they be true, the whispered rumors that had undulated like waves through the thoughts of the of theI was distracted, essay to find the name for my last host species. Wed had a name, I knew that. But, no longer connected to that host, I could not call in the word. Wed used much simpler manner of speaking than this, a silent language of thought that connected us all into one great mind. A necessary convenience when one was rooted ever into the wet black soil.I could describe that species in my new human language. We lived on the floor of the great ocean that covered the entire surface of our worlda world that had a name, too, but that was also gone. We each had a hundred arms and on each arm a thousand eyes, so that, with our thoughts connected, not one sight in the vast waters went unseen. There was no need for sound, so there was no way to hear it. We tasted the waters, and, with our sight, that told us all we necessary to know. We tasted the suns, so many leagues above the water, and turned their taste into the food we needed.I could describe us, but I could not name us. I sighed for the lost knowledge, and therefore returned my ponderings to what Id overheard.Souls did not, as a rule, speak anything but the truth. Seekers, of course, had the requirements of their Calling, but between souls there was never reason for a lie. With my last species language of thought, it would have been impossible to lie, even had we wanted to. However, anchored as we were, we told ourselves stories to alleviate the boredom. Storytelling was the most honored of all talents, for it benefited everyone.Sometimes, fact mixed with fiction so thoroughly that, though no lies were told, it was hard to remember what was strictly true.But there were whispers of this of human hosts so strong that the souls were forced to abandon them. Hosts whose minds could not be completely suppressed. Souls who took on the personality of the body, rather than the other way around. Stories. Wild rumors. Madness.But that seemed almost to be the Healers accusation.I dismissed the thought. The more likely meaning of his censure was the distaste most of us mat for the Seekers Calling. Who would choos e a life of conflict and pursuit? Who would be attracted to the chore of tracking down unwilling hosts and capturing them? Who would have the stomach to face the violence of this especial(a) species, the hostile humans who killed so easily, so thoughtlessly? Here, on this planet, the Seekers had become practically a militiamy new brain supplied the term for the unfamiliar concept. Most believed that only the least civilized souls, the least evolved, the lesser among us, would be drawn to the path of Seeker.Still, on Earth the Seekers had gained new status. Never before had an occupation gone so awry. Never before had it turned into a fierce and bloody battle. Never before had the lives of so many souls been sacrificed. The Seekers stood as a mighty shield, and the souls of this world were thrice-over indebted(predicate) to them for the safety they had autoved out of the mayhem, for the risk of the final death that they faced willingly every day, and for the new bodies they continu ed to provide.Now that the danger was virtually past, it appeared the gratitude was fading. And, for this Seeker at least, the change was not a pleasant one.It was easy to imagine what her questions for me would be. Though the Healer was trying to buy me time to adjust to my new body, I knew I would do my best to help the Seeker. Good citizenship was quintessential to every soul.So I took a deep breath to prepare myself. The monitor registered the movement. I knew I was stalling a bit. I hated to admit it, but I was afraid. To get the information the Seeker needed, I would have to explore the fierce memories that had made me scream in horror. More than that, I was afraid of the voice Id heard so loudly in my head. But she was silent now, as was right. She was just a memory, too.I should not have been afraid. After all, I was called Wanderer now. And Id earned the name.With another deep breath, I delved into the memories that frightened me, faced them head-on with my teeth locked tog ether.I could skip past the endit didnt overwhelm me now. In fast-forward, I ran through the dark again, wincing, trying not to feel. It was over quickly.Once I was through that barrier, it wasnt hard to float through less-alarming things and places, skimming for the information I wanted. I saw how shed come to this cold city, driving by night in a stolen car chosen for its nondescript appearance. Shed walked through the streets of Chicago in darkness, shivering beneath her coat.The words came slower and slower, and at first I did not understand why. Was this forgotten? Lost in the trauma of an almost death? Was I still sluggish from unconsciousness? I struggled to think clearly. This sensation was unfamiliar. Was my body still sedated? I felt alert enough, but my mind labored unsuccessfully for the answers I wanted.I tried another avenue of searching, hoping for clearer responses. What was her goal? She would find SharonI fished out the nameand they wouldI hit a wall.It was a blank , a nothing. I tried to circle around it, but I couldnt find the edges of the void. It was as if the information I want had been erased.As if this brain had been damaged.Anger flashed through me, hot and wild. I gasped in surprise at the unexpected reaction. Id heard of the emotional instability of these human bodies, but this was beyond my ability to anticipate. In eight full lives, Id never had an emotion touch me with such force.I felt the blood pulse through my neck, dog pound behind my ears. My hands tightened into fists.The machines beside me reported the acceleration of my heartbeats. There was a reaction in the room the sharp tap of the Seekers shoes approached me, mingled with a quieter shuffle that must have been the Healer.Welcome to Earth, Wanderer, the female voice said.

Labeling Theory

Running Head Labeling speculation Labeling Theory Stacie OReilly Miller-Motte Lisa Bruno October 20, 2012 Abstract According to the works of Frank Tannenbaum, Howard Becker, Edwin Lemert and the Labeling Theory, cargoner criminals be often puddled by our new-fangled legal expert system and by our hostelry and their labeling of juveniles who suffer been convicted of committing a deviant act. These youngsters argon often tagged as juvenile abandoneds. The Labeling, not the juveniles characteristics, rouse create a habitual offender. Labeling TheoryFrank Tannenbaum, also known as the Grandfather of the Labeling Theory, in 1938, wrote against popular beliefs that juvenile delinquents were different in many way of lifes than non-delinquents and that they were mass who pop off into where they were placed by society and the juvenile nicety system. This concept is the beginning of the Labeling Theory in criminology and sociology, known as Dramatizing Evil. Tannenbaums dividin g line was that 0 When they first break the righteousness, the juvenile is a little or no different in characteristics than his peers. Youths who be tagged bad will be inured differently than their peers who are not labeled as bad. 2 They may believe their label and be convey as they believe they should. As the youths are labeled, they may no longer be accepted by their peers but will gladly be accepted by other(a) outcasts. This is the beginnings of the labeling theory. Edwin Lemert, sociologist, contributed to the Labeling Theory by arguing that all stack conduct deviant behavior occasionally and if caught any person could, by reaction of society and the criminal justice system, be abeled as a delinquent. Lemert studied and recorded the series of events that weed result from the one incident. To better explain the labeling process he uses basal and alternative deviation. Primary Deviation is the first delinquent act the person gets caught performing. Secondary Deviance i s described by Lemert as any deviant act perpetrate as a result of the labeling of the person due to the Primary Deviance. Howard Becker in the 1960s championed the Labeling Theory, explaining ocial groups create deviance by making rules whose infraction creates deviance, and by applying those roles to fussy people and labeling them as outsiders. From this point of figure, deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by other of rules and sanctions to an offender. The deviant is one to whom that label has been successfully applied deviant behavior is behavior that people so label. Becker In todays society, labeling tail assembly be as bad as ever and can happen to a juvenile who has not even been convicted of any wrong doing.Before a defendant has a lay on the line to take care his accuser, society is developing a label for him/her. In our criminal justice system, a person can be arrested if it is thought, by the autho rities, that the accused had perpetrate a wickedness. The accused is taken into custody, finger printed and a photo taken as man of the arrest process. Todays media and technology help the labeling process along, often pre-maturely. in that respect are safeguards to protect juveniles from the exposure, but these protections stop at the tender age of 18, just as these young people are trying to find their way.Once individual is arrested, his/her marker shot, along with the crime they are charged with becomes public, often in the topical anaesthetic newspaper and on the internet. This information also becomes part of the accuseds background check. I have surveyed average citizens and businesses to understand what set up this exposure can have on young people applying for work and in general, in other words, the effects of labeling on decisions of people interacting with the persons who are labeled, which will affect the way the labeled person will begin to view himself/herself .In the mark shot survey, the labeled are not labeled officially and not even convicted of a crime, however they are viewed by strangers by the photos of themselves posted in the crime sections of newspapers and websites. The answers to the survey questions are harsher than judge 0 Would you hire person you of late motto in the local mug shots? The answers were in sevenfold choice formats and are as follows- no, in all likelihood not, probably, or yes. Of the persons surveyed, 26. 7% responded no, 53. 3% responded probably not, 20% responded probably and no one responded yes. Would you forgo your adolescent to eon someone you lately saw in your local mug shots? With the same four choices for answers, 60% answered no. 26. 7% responded probably not, 20% responded probably, and no one answered yes. 0 Would you savor thriving walking next to someone you recently seen in the local mug shots? Having the same answering options as the above questions, 6. 7% answered no, 13. 3% answered probably not, 66. 7% responded with probably and 13. 3% answered yes. The above meter place how negatively people are thought of after an encounter with the law, regardless of guilt or innocence.This must be apparent to the person existence labeled silently by those in his/her community, the treatment received may have a major impact on his/her self-image and they may accept this view as true and will be accepted by others in the same situation. Felons, by definition, are those people who have been convicted of a serious crime. These convictions can be of many things from conspiracy to rape, yet are grouped together with a stigma that can turn the labeled person into the fiend he/she is often viewed as by others. Once labeled a whitlow, a person may lose hope of overcoming a delinquent ult one event can lead to this negative label. A person who is labeled a felon is treated differently by society, they are labeled by an event and any achievements and good behavior up t o that point is disregarded, many rights are taken away from felons and restrictions applied. With the exception of Vermont and Maine, Felons and ex-Felons are cut back from voter turnout in the United States. 0 Federal Law prohibits those labeled Felons to bear arms.These two basic rights that felons do not enjoy are muster out signs of the way that society views them as dangerous and not worthy. This is reinforced with every job application that they fill out, repeatedly, they must acknowledge that they are a felon, and felons can be anyone convicted of drug possession to murder, all grouped together. Young people who are labeled as Felons are ostracized and have a hard beat finding employment, which can lead to them thinking they are not worthy, accepting the label, and turning to a life of crime for survival.I created a survey to get a vigorous view from people who would potentially interact with felons to see how they would respond to a felon in different circumstances. T he way the felon is responded to by society can help the felon view himself as he is viewed others. The answers to the survey questions are as expected 0 Would you hire a convicted felon? The answers were in multiple choice formats and are as follows- no, probably not, probably, or yes. Of the persons surveyed, 20% responded no, 60% responded probably not, 20% responded probably and no one responded yes. 0 Would you allow your teenager to date a convicted felon?With the same four choices for answers, 100% answered no. 0 Would you feel comfortable working closely with a convicted felon? Having the same answering options as the above questions, 0% answered no, and 80% answered probably not, 20% responded with probably and no one answered yes. The results show the difficulty a felon will have macrocosm rehabilitated firearm being feared and unwanted by fellow citizens. The label is devastating to a convicted felon with little chance of employment which is a major part of gaining se lf-conceit and confidence to overcome such a harsh stigma.Without even knowing what the felon was convicted of and any circumstances involved, the communitys children are off limits to those unfortunate adequacy to have earned this label. Society still labels young people sometimes by one incident which shows only the possibility that the person broke the law and this is not official, it is indirect, through the media. When an official label like felon is used, it is even more detrimental to the person inflicted, because the laws directed to them go hand in hand with how strangers and acquaintances come along to be viewing Would you hire someone you recently saw in the local mug shots?Would you hire someone you recently saw in the local mug shots? them. Would you allow your teenager to date someone you recently saw in the local mug shots? Would you allow your teenager to date someone you recently saw in the local mug shots? Would you feel comfortable walking next to someone you re cently saw in the local mug shots? Would you feel comfortable walking next to someone you recently saw in the local mug shots? Would you allow your teenager to date a convicted felon? Would you allow your teenager to date a convicted felon? Would you hire a convicted felon?Would you hire a convicted felon? Would you feel comfortable working closely with a convicted felon? Would you feel comfortable working closely with a convicted felon? References OReilly, S. (n. d. ). Felons Survey. SurveyMonkey Free online survey parcel & questionnaire tool. Retrieved November 9, 2012, from http//www. surveymonkey. com/s/K3MZSKJ OReilly, S. (n. d. ). Mug shots Survey. SurveyMonkey Free online survey software & questionnaire tool. Retrieved November 9, 2012, from http//www. surveymonkey. com/s/5T8MQYL Parmelee, M. (1918).Criminology, by Maurice Parmelee . New York The Macmillan Company. Regoli, R. M. , Hewitt, J. D. , & DeLisi, M. (2008). Sociological Theory Labeling and Conflict Explanations. De linquency in society youth crime in the 21st century (7th ed. , pp. 222-248). Boston, MA McGraw-Hill higher(prenominal) Education. Siegel, L. J. (2010). Criminology theories, patterns, and typologies (10th ed. ). Belmont, CA Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. Vito, G. F. , & Holmes, R. M. (1994). Criminology theory, research, and policy. Belmont, Calif. Wadsworth Pub. Co..Labeling TheoryRunning Head Labeling Theory Labeling Theory Stacie OReilly Miller-Motte Lisa Bruno October 20, 2012 Abstract According to the works of Frank Tannenbaum, Howard Becker, Edwin Lemert and the Labeling Theory, career criminals are often created by our juvenile justice system and by our society and their labeling of juveniles who have been convicted of committing a deviant act. These youngsters are often labeled as juvenile delinquents. The Labeling, not the juveniles characteristics, can create a habitual offender. Labeling TheoryFrank Tannenbaum, also known as the Grandfather of the Labeling Theory, in 1938 , wrote against popular beliefs that juvenile delinquents were different in many ways than non-delinquents and that they were people who fit into where they were placed by society and the juvenile justice system. This concept is the beginning of the Labeling Theory in criminology and sociology, known as Dramatizing Evil. Tannenbaums argument was that 0 When they first break the law, the juvenile is a little or no different in characteristics than his peers. Youths who are labeled bad will be treated differently than their peers who are not labeled as bad. 2 They may believe their label and behave as they believe they should. As the youths are labeled, they may no longer be accepted by their peers but will gladly be accepted by other outcasts. This is the beginnings of the labeling theory. Edwin Lemert, sociologist, contributed to the Labeling Theory by arguing that all people conduct deviant behavior occasionally and if caught any person could, by reaction of society and the crimina l justice system, be abeled as a delinquent. Lemert studied and recorded the series of events that can result from the one incident. To better explain the labeling process he uses Primary and Secondary deviation. Primary Deviation is the first delinquent act the person gets caught performing. Secondary Deviance is described by Lemert as any deviant act committed as a result of the labeling of the person due to the Primary Deviance. Howard Becker in the 1960s championed the Labeling Theory, explaining ocial groups create deviance by making rules whose infraction creates deviance, and by applying those roles to particular people and labeling them as outsiders. From this point of view, deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by other of rules and sanctions to an offender. The deviant is one to whom that label has been successfully applied deviant behavior is behavior that people so label. Becker In todays society, labeling can be as harmful as ever and can happen to a juvenile who has not even been convicted of any wrong doing.Before a defendant has a chance to face his accuser, society is developing a label for him/her. In our criminal justice system, a person can be arrested if it is thought, by the authorities, that the accused had committed a crime. The accused is taken into custody, finger printed and a photo taken as part of the arrest process. Todays media and technology help the labeling process along, often pre-maturely. There are safeguards to protect juveniles from the exposure, but these protections stop at the tender age of 18, just as these young people are trying to find their way.Once someone is arrested, his/her mug shot, along with the crime they are charged with becomes public, often in the local newspaper and on the internet. This information also becomes part of the accuseds background check. I have surveyed average citizens and businesses to understand what effects this exposure can have on young people applying for work and in general, in other words, the effects of labeling on decisions of people interacting with the persons who are labeled, which will affect the way the labeled person will begin to view himself/herself.In the mug shot survey, the labeled are not labeled officially and not even convicted of a crime, however they are viewed by strangers by the photos of themselves posted in the crime sections of newspapers and websites. The answers to the survey questions are harsher than expected 0 Would you hire someone you recently saw in the local mug shots? The answers were in multiple choice formats and are as follows- no, probably not, probably, or yes. Of the persons surveyed, 26. 7% responded no, 53. 3% responded probably not, 20% responded probably and no one responded yes. Would you allow your teenager to date someone you recently saw in your local mug shots? With the same four choices for answers, 60% answered no. 26. 7% responded probably not, 20% responded probably, and no one answered yes. 0 Would you feel comfortable walking next to someone you recently seen in the local mug shots? Having the same answering options as the above questions, 6. 7% answered no, 13. 3% answered probably not, 66. 7% responded with probably and 13. 3% answered yes. The above numbers show how negatively people are thought of after an encounter with the law, regardless of guilt or innocence.This must be apparent to the person being labeled silently by those in his/her community, the treatment received may have a major impact on his/her self-image and they may accept this view as true and will be accepted by others in the same situation. Felons, by definition, are those people who have been convicted of a serious crime. These convictions can be of many things from conspiracy to rape, yet are grouped together with a stigma that can turn the labeled person into the monster he/she is often viewed as by others. Once labeled a felon, a person may lo se hope of overcoming a delinquent past one event can lead to this negative label. A person who is labeled a felon is treated differently by society, they are labeled by an event and any achievements and good behavior up to that point is disregarded, many rights are taken away from felons and restrictions applied. With the exception of Vermont and Maine, Felons and ex-Felons are restricted from voting in the United States. 0 Federal Law prohibits those labeled Felons to bear arms.These two basic rights that felons do not enjoy are clear signs of the way that society views them as dangerous and not worthy. This is reinforced with every job application that they fill out, repeatedly, they must acknowledge that they are a felon, and felons can be anyone convicted of drug possession to murder, all grouped together. Young people who are labeled as Felons are ostracized and have a hard time finding employment, which can lead to them thinking they are not worthy, accepting the label, and t urning to a life of crime for survival.I created a survey to get a quick view from people who would potentially interact with felons to see how they would respond to a felon in different circumstances. The way the felon is responded to by society can help the felon view himself as he is viewed others. The answers to the survey questions are as expected 0 Would you hire a convicted felon? The answers were in multiple choice formats and are as follows- no, probably not, probably, or yes. Of the persons surveyed, 20% responded no, 60% responded probably not, 20% responded probably and no one responded yes. 0 Would you allow your teenager to date a convicted felon?With the same four choices for answers, 100% answered no. 0 Would you feel comfortable working closely with a convicted felon? Having the same answering options as the above questions, 0% answered no, and 80% answered probably not, 20% responded with probably and no one answered yes. The results show the difficulty a felon wil l have being rehabilitated while being feared and unwanted by fellow citizens. The label is devastating to a convicted felon with little chance of employment which is a major part of gaining self-esteem and confidence to overcome such a harsh stigma.Without even knowing what the felon was convicted of and any circumstances involved, the communitys children are off limits to those unfortunate enough to have earned this label. Society still labels young people sometimes by one incident which shows only the possibility that the person broke the law and this is not official, it is indirect, through the media. When an official label like felon is used, it is even more detrimental to the person inflicted, because the laws directed to them go hand in hand with how strangers and acquaintances seem to be viewing Would you hire someone you recently saw in the local mug shots?Would you hire someone you recently saw in the local mug shots? them. Would you allow your teenager to date someone you recently saw in the local mug shots? Would you allow your teenager to date someone you recently saw in the local mug shots? Would you feel comfortable walking next to someone you recently saw in the local mug shots? Would you feel comfortable walking next to someone you recently saw in the local mug shots? Would you allow your teenager to date a convicted felon? Would you allow your teenager to date a convicted felon? Would you hire a convicted felon?Would you hire a convicted felon? Would you feel comfortable working closely with a convicted felon? Would you feel comfortable working closely with a convicted felon? References OReilly, S. (n. d. ). Felons Survey. SurveyMonkey Free online survey software & questionnaire tool. Retrieved November 9, 2012, from http//www. surveymonkey. com/s/K3MZSKJ OReilly, S. (n. d. ). Mug shots Survey. SurveyMonkey Free online survey software & questionnaire tool. Retrieved November 9, 2012, from http//www. surveymonkey. com/s/5T8MQYL Parmelee, M. (1 918).Criminology, by Maurice Parmelee . New York The Macmillan Company. Regoli, R. M. , Hewitt, J. D. , & DeLisi, M. (2008). Sociological Theory Labeling and Conflict Explanations. Delinquency in society youth crime in the 21st century (7th ed. , pp. 222-248). Boston, MA McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Siegel, L. J. (2010). Criminology theories, patterns, and typologies (10th ed. ). Belmont, CA Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. Vito, G. F. , & Holmes, R. M. (1994). Criminology theory, research, and policy. Belmont, Calif. Wadsworth Pub. Co..

To What Extent Did the Russian Economy Improve in the Period 1894 to 1914?

The Russian sparing is universally declared to kick in been a thoroughly backward prior to 1890s on that pointfore it is extremely likely that there was economic benefit in the given period however the extent of this is difficult to define ascribable to the varying manifestations of economic progression and the independence with which they may occur. The finance minister during this period was Sergei Witte, and to him the majority of the reformments are credited, yet the improvement was not universal. Whether this was him personally or simply a crossroad the awful conditions which the Russian thrift go from is to be decided.In 1897, 82% of the Russian population were peasants, leading one to the believe that any economic improvement must be both partially caused by and result in improvements in this area. This is because generally the greater the economic improvement the greater the amount of deal are involved in delivery it about and the greater the number of people it affects for the better. The situation in 1894 was a mass of peasants that owned small and principally subsistence farms. This meant that they sold very(prenominal) little of their produce and therefore had very little money. This was bad for two reasons.Firstly if they sold little then the state would carry very little to sell to other countries, meaning that no extra wealth was coming in to Russia. Secondly, if the peasants had little money than they would not be up to(p) to buy much. If we acknowledge John Keynes theory of demand as true, this lack of it can only be seen as a severe impediment to the Russian economy. To answer the question, one must therefore decide if both the peasants started producing enough to sell or if less people were peasants. There is evidence to suggest that betwixt 1890 and 1910 there was an increase of 38 million tonnes of cereals produced.One could get by that this shows economic improvement because they were working the land more efficiently, and therefore selling more so getting richer, the extra wealth generated would be pumped into other areas such as manufacturing due to the rise in demand. In addition the extra metric grain acquired by the g everyplacenment could be sold to other countries, and this money could then be spent on industry, alter the economy. This theory is complemented by the fact that amongst 1897 and 1914 Odessa, the major gain exporting port, saw a rise in population from 403 thousand to 499 thousand, which would lead one to believe that more eople lived there because there was more work to be done because there was more grain to export. On the other hand it could be believed that this does not show an improving economy first off because it 74 million tonnes in 1910 is actually a lot less per hector then more developed countries were able to produce. They were still unforesightful in comparison with other countries such as England which had experienced the industrial revolution and therefore ha d more efficient farming.In addition it must be taken into account that the population of Russia was rapidly increasing at this time, it doubled between 1861 and 1914 to 130 million people, therefore this increase in food ware would not suck up lead to a vast amount of either overseas income or surplus money because they needed to eat most of it. This business would lead one to the belief that on both an intertheme and internal scale the agriculture of Russia shows very little economic improvement. It is, however commonly declare that a failing of Wittes was his lack of action in the agricultural department.The fact that in 1914 four-fifths of the population were still peasants that we baffle already asserted helped very little towards an economic improvement puts into great doubt the scale of such an improvement. Nevertheless it is thinkable for giving change to be implemented by few people therefore instead of passing judgement based only on Wittes weakest area of economic reform the others must be examined. take is highly necessary for a good economy because it allows workers to act to where there are jobs, business to duty goods with ease and ideas to spread quickly.Witte was aware of this and therefore undertook a massive project of railway extension going from 19510 miles of track in 1891 to 43850 miles in 1913. This included the Trans-Siberian railway which stretched from Moscow to Vladivostok and was meant to encourage the migration of workers from remote area to the manufacturing centre. unluckily this project was a disappointment internally as east-west migration did not increase significantly, which perhaps in explained by the fact that in 1914 sections were still incomplete.One could argue that the smaller scale railways were just as important because they allowed peasants to move from the overcrowded agricultural land to the cities where they could benefit the economy by working in factories. This may have happened to a small extent how ever we have already concluded that the majority of the peasants stayed peasants, besides by law peasants had to gain permission from village elders to move , stifling the desired rural to urban migration and therefore economic improvement. It must therefore be decided that internally the transport revolution helped to improve the Russian economy to an unexpectedly small amount.However the railway system in its vastness attracted international attention that was to improve the economy in other ways. The Trans-Siberian railroad line was seen by other countries as a symbol of Russian enterprise and advancing society this positive attention encouraged them to trade with Russia, therefore bringing in money, which in the long term would create demand and subsequently improving the Russian economy. Figures to back this are those of the comparative industrial output which rose from 109. 5 in 1904 to 163. 5 in 1913.As four fifths of the population were virtually incapable of buying this, w e can only assume that the excess was either sold abroad or used on the railways. This will have brought money into Russia, improving the economy. One must then decide if the benefits of the foreign trade and the kick starting of industry was worth the massive amount the railways would have cost the government. In the long term it must be considered so, as without both something and someone to trade with the Russian economy would have taken much longer to improve.In addition, although the intended benefits were not seen within the given period, they may have appeared later, if the country had not been disrupted by war. However in the given time span economic improvement due to the railway was limited to the empyrean of foreign trust and therefore sales. The actual production of goods is often a good indicator of the success of an economy. There is no doubt that this happened in the days 1894 to 1914. For example between the years 1890 and 1913 the annual production in millions of tons rose from 5. to 35. 4 in coal, 0. 89 to 9. 1 in pig branding iron and 3. 9 to 9. 1 in oil. This is proof that in the industrial area there was economic improvement. However it is known that much of this improvement was state directed, which would be fine if it were not for the fact that this direction was financed heavily by overseas loans. This meant that though the economy did improve, it was not strong in the way the France and Britains were because it firstly needed state intervention to keep it going and secondly could not finance itself.If the improvements in this period in the economy could be continued over another twenty years, then it is probable that the loans would have been paid off and state intervention no longer necessary to such a large degree, however in this time period such drastic improvements were not possible. Therefore it must be understood although the industrial part of the economy did improve in measurements such as output and turnover during the giv en time period, it did not stabilise in a way that would make it strong.The improvement of an economy is all comparative, as well as comparing the Russian economy to how it way at the start and finish of the given period we must alike compare its improvement to that of other countries, so as to create a more contextual answer. Of the five great powers, Russia shows the least increase in national income between 1894 and 1913 at 50% however its developing in national product between 1898 and 1913 is the highest at 96. 8%. The latter figure shows that Russias production of goods had gone up by fa more than its rivals, showing that the economy defiantly improve.After our inspection of both the industrial and agricultural sides of the economy it is possible to say that this improvement was almost entirely in industry. Never the less this shows great economic improvement. On the other hand the fact that Russias national income had increased the least shows that the people of Russia wer e not richer in comparison with the rest of the world. This may be firstly explained by the great increase in Russias population. Although production may have increased, the profit from it had to be shared out between more people.Therefore as a country the economy had improved but for the individual it was hardy better. Although this is still economic improvement it is far more precarious as unhappy individuals may lead to economy negatively charged strikes such as the 3574 in Russia, in 1914. The fact that other countries such as Britain invested in Russian economy supports the idea that the country as a whole was improving economically, as these advanced countries would not risk their money otherwise.The reason for this was firstly the railways, as has been discussed but also the fact that in 1897, the Russian currency was put on the Gold standard. This gave it strength when exchanged with other currencies, again helping Russia in the international climate but making it harder fo r Russian inhabitants to buy anything as prices naturally increased. Although putting the Russian rouble on the gold standard helped to stabilise the currency itself, it was not so powerful a move as to stabilise the economy and in fact added to the instability by further decreasing home sales.Therefore the Russian economy was improving greatly in comparison with its rivals in overseas sales and production, but this improvement was limited by domestic instabilities that Russias rivals had to a much tear down degree. In conclusion the Russian economy did improve greatly between 1894 and 1914 however this improvement was confined to a very small sector of the economy. That sector was industry on a national scale. On an individual scale this improvement of the economy amounted to very little, with wages not allowing a significant growth in home demand.The agricultural side of the economy also improved very little, meaning that by 1914 four fifths of the people were not involved in the economical improvements to any great extent. The fact that the economic improvement was restricted to one area meant that it was un constant. On the other hand, although it must then be assume that this improvement was greatly superficial in 1914, Russia was starting from the very bottom and therefore it is unlikely that a vastly improved in all areas and stable economy was possible in 20 years.If Russias economical improvement was extended at that rate for another 20 years then it would have had time to both gain security and reach out into other sectors that were overlooked in 1914, such as light industry. Therefore it must be concluded that between 1894 and 1913 there was great improvement in one area of the economy, which, due to its confinement was superficiality in an economic overview, yet due to the awful conditions in which this improvement operated in, it must be deemed substantial.

Home Depot and Lowes Essay

Case SummaryValue Line Publishing analyst, Carrie Galeotafiore had followed the retail building-supply industry for approximately three years. Within a week the investment-survey firm testament be publishing Galeotafiores quarterly findings on the industry along with the five-year financial forecast for the industrys leaders, hearth memory board and Lowes.In an causal agency to increase their top and bottom-lines, Home Depot and Lowes have implemented strategies like improving customer service, attracting professional customers, and introducing a more favorable swop mix. Combined sales from the two companies accounted for more than a third of the industrys sales. In the mean time, smaller hardware stores struggled to remain in the game. Galeotafiore reports shows say-so in the methods Home Depot deployed to achieve their goals and attributed Lowes margin expansion to their thrust into the major metropolitan markets.This case will mainly focus on the strategic issues involved w ith Home Depot and Lowes, the industry trends, the financial outlook for the respective companies, and whether or not Galeotafiore has the depth of knowledge and experience to make a correct call on the companies performance.Finally, the report will be substantiated with financial ratios comparing one company with the other, showing possible alternatives and proposing recommendations.Case AnalysisThis subdivision will narrow down the major issues of the case, along with the quantitative perspective showing historical trends and the projected level of economic activity. In 2001, the Economist Intelligenc building block (EIU) estimated the retail building-supply industry to be approximately $175 billion with stores similar to Home Depot and Lowes capturing one third of the 51% of sales in their category. Despite the slump in the economy in 2001, growth was at 4.2% which representd a decline from 7.7% in 1998. Strategic issues for Home Depot and LowesHome Depots CEO, Bob Nardellis go al was to increase their margin through declining cost in product review, opening more tool-rental centers and improving purchase aspects. All of the above were an effort to remaincompetitive. Galeotafiore stated in her report that stores which provide programs similar to the Service Performance Improvement offered by Home Depot tend to fear better in operating margins, inventory turnover and productivity, than the do-it-yourself establishments. Jefferies analyst Donald Trott downgraded Lowes, due to a declining housing-market bubble and, based on an touch that their stock price was richly valued compared to Home Depots. However, on the brighter side, Lowes management told analysts that over the next two years, it expected to maintain sales growth between 18% and 19% and over the next three years from 2002 to 2004 it is expected to open 123, 130 and 140 stores respectively entering metropolitan markets with populations over 500,000 like the Boston and New York markets.

Explain the Biological Mechanisms by Which Stress Can Induce Depressive Behaviour

Explain the biological mechanisms by which emphasize can induce depressive behaviour. Introduction Depressive behaviour is a core feature of several study psychological disorders, most obviously major depression (MD) and depressive episodes of bipolar depression (BP). Depression is excessively frequently found to be co-morbid with psychotic disorders such(prenominal) as schizophrenia and with anxiety-related disorders (e. g. social phobia or OCD). Depression is the biggest major risk factor for self-harm and suicide, thus posing a real clinical problem to gauge to understand and reverse the mechanisms involved.Traditional anti-depressant treatment has only maken a modest benefit to placebos in treating the disorder therefore, more effective drugs that target the pay biological mechanisms ar imminently needed. The majority of experimental research in the area has used rodents to test medication and model known psychopathological aspects of depression in humans, such as learned helplessness, cognitive deficits and increased co-morbidity with anxiety-related behaviours. There are many factors that may explain why few people (around 16% of the population) will visualise a depressive episode in their lifetime and others wont.Genetic vulnerability and epigenetic changes, psychosocial support, socioeconomic status or even climate-related factors all have to be considered in considering the right treatment for individual cases. Whilst the causal link amongst many of these and the onset of depression is roundwhat inconclusive, the beefed-up association between chronic mild stress (CMS) and depressive behaviour is now a huge area of research, resulting in the stress-induced model of depression.Even where there is evidence for the role of genes in depression, such as allele variants for the 5-HTT promoter region, it is shown to vary as a function of exposure to stressful life events. The mechanisms by which environmental stressors can communicate to depres sive behaviour have been explored thoroughly, with a strong focus on the role of the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis and its dysfunction in depression. The consequent rise in levels of the glucocorticoid hormone cortisol, following HPA activation, has been shown to become chronic increased in depressed patients.This is thought to be due to the development of glucocorticoid resistance, whereby high levels of cortisol are present in the bloodstream and peripheral tissue but electronegative feedback to shut down the HPA axis no longer works. Due to the numerous roles of cortisol within the body, several biological processes may be affected as a consequence of CMS that may lead to depressive behaviour. Direct and indirect effects of HPA dysfunction include changes in repellent response, neuronal wrongfulness, decreased rates of neurogenesis and the serotonin path authoritys.These processes tend to act and exacerbate one another therefore, understanding each proposed biolog ical mechanism of stress-induced depression and their impact upon each other is likely to lead to a better treatment divulgecome. Acute Stress and the HPA Axis The experience of acute mild stress is a shape and adaptive process, triggered by an environmental stressor deemed to be potentially harmful. From an evolutionary perspective, this make outs to protect the individual from danger via activation of the sympathetic nervous system, preparing the individual for fight or flight mode.Stress, as substantially as input from the amygdala, hippocampus and mid champion, directly activates the stress response via the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The first immediate response is the waiver of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus, which travels to the pituitary where it binds to CRH sense organ 1 (CRHR1). CRH can also act directly on other brain regions, e. g. the amygdala at this early stage. CRH1 activation stimulates the release of adrenocorticot rophin release hormone (ACTH), which travels via the bloodstream to the kidneys, stimulating the delayed release of the glucocorticoid (steroid) cortisol.cortisol acts through and throughout the body in all cells, via binding to cytoplasmic glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors (GR and MR) (see Figure 1). Figure 1 Cortisol can pass through the cell membrane due to its lipophillic properties. Binding of cortisol to the GR complex in the cytoplasm designers dissociation of GR from the complex, resulting in an active GR monomer. devil GRs then dimerise to form a GR dimer. This can act as a transcription factor in itself by attaching to Glucocorticoid Binding Elements (GBE), or it can interact with other Hormone Binding Elements and transcription factors to initiate gene transcription. http//jimlund. org/blog/? m=200910 A rise in cortisol levels, alongside CRH, leads to adaptive changes in behaviour, cognition and immune function. Importantly, this rise is followed by a negat ive feedback loop of cortisol and CRH acting upon its own receptors (NC3R1 and CHR2, respectively) to shut down the HPA axis once the panic has been resolved. This homeostatic mechanism terminates the production of any more CRH and therefore brings cortisol levels back to baseline (pre-stressor), vital for returning the individual back to a normal resting state.It is this negative feedback mechanism which has been shown to be disrupted in patients with depression. Chronic Stress and Glucocorticoid Resistance In a situation of CMS, the prolonged activation of the HPA axis leads to abnormally elevated cortisol levels. However, chronically elevated cortisol can be dangerous, due to its role in suppressing the immune system and increasing vulnerability to infection. It is thinkable that in order to counteract the constant influx of circulating cortisol causing potentially unwanted downstream effects, GRs in lymphocytes become unresponsive or resistant to glucocorticoids.This dysfuncti on of GRs is typically seen in depressed patients and has been shown numerous times using the dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Dexamethasone (a synthetic glucocorticoid) mimics cortisol by binding to GRs and shutting down HPA activity in healthy controls. Therefore, dexamethasone-treated individuals have almost no detectable cortisol over the course of the following day. On the other hand, in depressed patients, the DST doesnt show any significant repression of HPA activity.Whilst they already show significantly higher overall levels of cortisol, they also show trim down suppression of dexamethasone during the DST. This shows that the GRs are unresponsive to glucocorticoids, leading to the typical feature of glucocorticoid resistance in depressed patients. The Inflammation/Cytokine Hypothesis Glucocorticoid resistance has important implications for immune system function. Under normal acute stress, cortisol suppresses lymphocytes in peripheral tissue from producing pro-inflamm atory cytokines by activating intracellular GRs and leading to transcription of downstream regulatory genes.Key targets of GR-mediated transcription related to immune function include the upregulation of anti-inflammatory genes annexin-1, IL-10 and I? B? (inhibits NF-? B) and down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, such as IL1-6, 9, 11-13, 16-18 and TNF-?. However, glucocorticoid resistance following chronic stress can mean that lymphocytes stop responding to cortisol, so there is an increase in the proliferation of leukocytes and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.The proposed mechanism for how these peripherally-generated cytokines are able to affect the central nervous system (CNS) involves several pathways. These cytokines (IL-1? , TNF-? and IL-6) cannot typically diffuse across the blood-brain-barrier, but they can enter the CNS in regions of high BBB permeability or be actively transported across the BBB by endothelial cell transporters. Additionally, withou t crossing the BBB, cytokines are able to activate endothelial cells to produce soluble factors (e. g.PG-E2) to indirectly activate neurons, as well as activating certain afferent neurons (e. g. the vagus nerve) that carry information to the CNS about the inflammation. In these ways, peripheral inflammation can cause typical changes in the CNS and sickness behaviour seen in depressed patients lethargy, anhedonia, reduced locomotor activity and sleep and weight disturbances. Support for this proposed mechanism comes from findings that clinically depressed patients show an abnormally high production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1? IL-6 and TNF-? ), cytokine-based immunotherapy often causes depression in cancer or hepatitis C patients and cytokine administration causes depressive behaviour in animal models. Reversal of this depressive behaviour can be seen by administration of anti-depressants, which target and reduce the inflammatory response in both patients and animal models. I n a similar fashion, anti-inflammatories such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors or omega-3 have strong anti-depressant effects on behaviour. Inflammation-Induced NeurodegenerationAnother approach to modelling stress-induced depression has think on the controversial findings of clinically depressed patients show changes in volume of structural brain regions, including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior cingulated, prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. The mechanisms by which some brain regions, in particular the hippocampus as implicated in stress-induced depression, might decrease in volume appear to be a junto of both neurodegeneration (increased apoptosis of neurons) and a decrease in adult neurogenesis in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG).Stress-induced HPA hyper-activity may explain the atrophy seen in some brain regions of clinically depressed patients. Glucocorticoids stimulate the breakdown of tissue into glucose for the quick release of energy therefore, ch ronically increased levels may result in brain tissue loss in regions where cortisol acts, such as the hippocampus. Furthermore, the link between stress, inflammation and an increase in oxidative stress may also explain a large portion of the neurodegeneration apparent in depression.Inflammation has been shown to increase oxidation and the fact that the CNS has no proper defence against oxidative damage makes it very vulnerable to oxidative stress (OS). This has been demonstrated as a key feature in neurodegenerative diseases and depression, implicating a causal role of stress-induced inflammation in triggering degeneration. The damage caused by OS can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, which can lead to further intracellular build up of damaging oxidised proteins.The only way for cells to cope in this situation is to activate programmed cell death (apoptosis), or in less controlled circumstances, necrosis can occur, leading to a decline in cell numbers and lateral effects on the ne ural network. This mechanism of oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration can be slowed down and treated by the application of antioxidant enzymes, which serve a neuro-protective role. These enzymes eradicate free radical oxidising particles and also suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine action.A further damaging feature seen in neurodegeneration and depression is nitrosative stress (NS), which may digest to neurotoxicity and therefore cell death. An increase in the production of cortisol after acute stress will temporarily cause a suppression of neurogenesis in the DG. Neurogenesis in the DG has been demonstrated to be vital for healthy cognition and memory, impacting mood, the sleep-wake cycle and appetite all affected in depression. Therefore, CMS leads to prolonged suppression of neurogenesis and may explain the behavioural outcomes typical of depression.The decrease in neurogenesis following exposure to stress may possibly involve the neurotrophin Brain Derived Neurotrophic Fact or (BDNF), shown to be greatly reduced in regions that also show a decrease in neurogenesis and related to brain regions typically affected in depression. Animal models exposed to CMS show decreased neurogenesis and BDNF levels in overlapping brain regions and elicit depressive behaviours associated with dysfunction of these regions. Furthermore, anti-depressant treatment that successfully increases BDNF levels also leads to recovery from depressive behavioural symptoms.However, the causation here is not go on whether the BDNF levels dropping are a result of other stress-induced mechanisms or whether it is partly the cause of the behaviour. Some evidence suggests that anti-depressants can work independently of BDNF restoration. Hagen and colleagues set out to control for possible variables such as age, time of cortisol readings and overall brain volume. Whilst there has been no robust evidence for a link between baseline cortisol levels and hippocampal volume, this study did find t hat hippocampal volume was negatively correlated with length of depressive episode pre-hospitalisation.Furthermore, better responsiveness (lowering of cortisol levels) after treatment was predicted by greater hippocampal volume (relative to overall brain volume). b) antineurogenic effects and reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and c) apoptosis with reduced levels of Bcl-2 and BAG1 (Bcl-2 associated athanogene 1), and increased levels of caspase-3. Stress-induced inflammation, e. g. increased IL-1? , but not reduced neurogenesis, is competent to cause depression. Antidepressants a) reduce peripheral and central inflammatory pathways by decreasing IL-1? TNF? and IL-6 levels b) stimulate neuronal differentiation, synaptic plasticity, axonal growth and regeneration through stimulatory effects on the expression of different neurotrophic factors, e. g. trkB, the receptor for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and c) attenuate apoptotic pathways by activating Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl proteins, and suppressing caspase-3. It is concluded that external stressors may provoke depression-like behaviours through activation of inflammatory, oxidative, apoptotic and antineurogenic mechanisms.The clinical efficacy of antidepressants may be ascribed to their ability to reverse these different pathways. Neuronal damage and apoptosis Activation of the Kynurenine Pathway (KP) 5-HT Accumulated evidence indicates a role of the hippocampal 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the response to stress and modulation of depression, but it is unclear whether and how the hippocampal 5-HT and NPY systems make contributions to chronic unpredicted mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression.Here we observed that rats receiving a variety of chronic unpredictable mild stressors for 3 weeks showed a variety of depression-like behavioral changes, including a significant reduction in body weight, sucrose preference, and locomotion, rear and grooming in open field test, a nd a significant increase in immobility time in forced swimming test. These CUMS-induced behavioral changes were smothered or blocked by intra-hippocampal injection of 5-HT (31. 25 microg/microl) or NPY (10 microg/microl). These data suggest a critical role of reduced hippocampal 5-HT and NPY neurotransmission in CUMS-induced depression.

Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells start out the unique capability of differentiating into either cell types, leading to the development of an entire organism. As the integrity of ES cells is critical for the developing embryo, these cells have likely evolved mechanisms that detect and respond rapidly to obstinate stimuli.Indeed, hES cells have been shown to be highly sensitive to DNA damage, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this rapid death remain unclear. Caspases are critical mediators of caspase-mediated cell death in mammalian cells, and a key protein that controls their activation is Bax, a proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family. While the main components of the apoptotic pathway have been identified, exactly how this pathway is regulated in miscellaneous primary cells remains unclear.Here, we examined the apoptotic pathway in hES cells and report a unique mechanism engaged by hES cells that can prime them to undergo rapid apoptosis inresponse to genotoxic damage.To visualize GFP-tagged Bax, 3-day colonies of hES cells were transfected with 2 mg of hBaxC3-EGFP (Addgene) with FuGENE HD transfection reagent.The process of introducing nucleic acids into eukaryotic cells by nonviral methods is defined as transfection. Using various chemical, lipid or physical methods, this gene change over technology is a powerful tool to study gene function and protein expression in the context of a cell. Development of reporter gene systems and picking methods for stable maintenance and expression of transferred DNA have greatly expanded the applications for transfection.Assay-based reporter technology, together with the availability of transfection reagents, provides the foundation to study mammalian promoter and enhancer sequences, trans-acting proteins such as transcription factors, mRNA processing, proteinprotein interactions, translation and recombination events (Groskreutz and Schenborn, 1997).Transfection is a method that neutralizes or obviates the issu e of introducing negatively charged molecules (e.g., phosphate backbones of DNA and RNA) into cells with a negatively charged membrane. Chemicals like calcium phosphate and DEAE-dextran or cationic lipid-based reagents coat the DNA, neutralizing or even creating an overall positive charge to the molecule.This makes it easier for the DNAtransfection reagent complex to impair the membrane, especially for lipids that have a fusogenic component, which enhances fusion with the lipid bilayer. Physical methods like microinjection or electroporation simply punch through the membrane and introduce DNA instantaneously into the cytoplasm. Here we describe the striking observation that healthy undifferentiated hES cells maintain Bax in its preactivated state at the Golgi.This is in contrast to other cell types in which Bax is typically present in an inactive form in the cytosol. Our results also highlight the fact that the apoptotic machinery undergoes dynamic changes even at early stages of differentiation.While undifferentiated hES cells have constitutively active Bax and undergo rapid apoptosis in response to DNA damage, just 2 days of differentiation induced significant changes suchthat Bax was no protracted active, and the cells were no longer highly sensitive to DNA damage.This could be manifested with even greater complexity in vivo as cells during early embryogenesis undergo rapid proliferation and differentiation.

Effect of Vampires on Society

When you hear the word vampire you probably regain of todays modern charters, from Twilight or sure Blood. According to the article Blood Ties, The vampire L everywhere By Helen T. Bailie, Todays vampires make up hold up 53% of todays book sells. vampires in todays image lease run cr finishures of lust, the dream man of teenage girls all over the world. Before go forth husbandry took over vampires in stories, were whales of horror. Pre-dating todays shovel in culture fad, vampires were utilize to rationalise amours that plurality didnt understand, aroundthing scary and un make don. So what has caused all theses c feedes in vampire stories over while?Changing them from fe atomic number 18d unknown demons to every teens heartthrob. To find show up where the change came from well look at what the original vampires were concept to be and the legends associated with them/ Then Ill review the primal stories of vampires followed by the examination of stories from todays pop culture. Finalizing where the transfigure came from. Following up with the impact that the impact that these stories could be having on society today. * * Vampires date h nonagenarian up to practically the dawn of date. But the vampires that originated were position to be a type of blood- sucking corpse.The first vampire sightings were by the Slavic community bear appear during the pump ages according to an article titled Was the vampire of the 18th century a unique type of dead corpse written by G. David Keyworth an article nigh the early legends of vampires. Vampires were originally archetype to be created by all kinds of divergent ports, corresponding women that didnt demand to be housewives, or that hopeed to do other things rather than cooking, cleaning and tending to the children were often thought to be under the spell of a powerful vampire.The Slavic mint believed that vampires were made from improper burials, universe born out of wedlock, or just being born on a certain day. art object the Romanian deal caught onto the vampire trend quickly after the Slavic, Romanians thought vampires were made from women that didnt eat salt during the pregnancy, and stock-still being the 7th child in the family of the same gender. The ways that vampires were made may await odd to you and I but they were things that in the early days of the middle ages were considered wrong or contrastive from the norms.Todays science helps explains nearly of the things that were thought to be considered the marking of a vampire to be invalid. For example believed that swelling or discoloration of the body after deaths were signs that the deceased was going to come back as a vampire. We now know that the rigor mortis sets in and causes most(prenominal) things post mortem that were thought to be signs of vampirism in the middle ages. * The people of these communities did their best to forbear new vampires from rising out of the ground.They tried to advanc e animals from crossing over the graves, ensuring a proper burial and placing a ton of boulders and rocks on the graves to fete the corpse firmly in the ground. There has even been pre-staking the person through the heart and then staking them into the ground. search as they may their preventive measures didnt always work and there was distinct evidence for a vampire being around. Most of these early communities had the same clues that a vampire was running amuck.When livestock disappe ard or vacateed up dead, blood on the mouth of the body, the body being swelled up holes in the ground, and similarly vampires didnt eat the garlic given out during church ceremonies. Killing vampires in the early days was middling straightforward, drive a steak through its heart, shoot it through the coffin or shove garlic into its mouth. From this of course emerged men that could be hired to track down and protrude the vampires through out the town, everything from church priest to an actual vampire hunter, what we would now relate to as some wholeness that was like wagon train Helsing.How easily vampires were killed in the stories of the middle ages arent in uprightness explained but considering the need for vampire hunters, I think it would be unhazardous to say it wasnt easy. Though Romania was were the original vampire stories begun, vampires apparently thrived in England during the middle ages. (Keyworth 243). Most deaths did occur because of being around old corpses but generally because of the diseases that they carried. An anonymous monk at Byland Abbey wrote majority of the stories of vampires.The monks and high relgious leaders of these towns came up with these legends because they believed in vampires, but they likewise used them to control the people of their town. By doing the right thing during life you could prevent yourself from becoming a vampire in the afterlife. So basically the religious leaders played on the fears of the towns people to keep th em in church and keep them in line. One of the more famous stories of this cadence was of two brothers that fell down dead one day and were buried only to be seen later that night walking through the own. (Keyworth 245). These stories spread and at last the whole world was on vampire alert. These stories continued well on into the 1900s ultimately end off slowly as the scientist learned more about humans, the body and how it worked. The first gaffe in these stories was from the taradiddles of monks to an actual novel written by Bram Stocker. genus Dracula, a tommyrot still talked abut today, Dracula was really the introductory novel to bring vampires into fiction works.The story of a man that travels to buy property in Transylvania from Count Dracula, realizing shortly after getting to the castle that he is a prisoner and the Count has superhuman powers. Slowly the jonathans fiances, friend is converted into a vampire, she is sleeping walking and frequently has strange marks on her neck, Van Helsing is called into help but inevitably fails, the friend and Jonathans wife are both eventually converted. (Spark notes/ count Dracula).Dracula was a big step he really brought in the fear of the unknown and represents the simple regression on youth. Draculas first film in the United States dates back to 1931 where the foreign brass was centralized on, really making him seem like an outsider, from there the next change in Dracula came about in the 1970s where we were introduced to the genre of vampire stories told by the vampire, allowing the audience to regain his alienation, to almost feel sorry for him and even though he was evil to feel an almost compassion for him.The final shift in the Dracula movies came in 1992, where Dracula was cast as a love struck freak making him even more human, more relatable but on the downside easier to defeat, making him a typical Hollywood character instead of the monster that he began in the late 1800s After the 1970s i nterpreting of Dracula there was another book that came out that really kept the trend going of the relatable vampires.Anne sieves Interview with a Vampire, along with having the turned on(p) vampires that were alienated from society, these vampires were proficienty capable of feelings, something that before the 70s really wasnt thought of, her vampires feel guilty, they keep fears, hopes dreams and of course infinite sadness. During this time is also when gender roles really started to be challenged, vampires could now be women. Sometimes the most powerful vampires were in fact women.Women not playing victim but being the same as their male counter area took a big shift in most of the vampire novels and stories. The seventies were really a time of change for the vampire stories. The Vampires that were introduced in Interview with a Vampire brought the first real sense of sexuality, it had been in stories before but it wasnt main(prenominal)stream, but erotic sexuality betwe en the vampires and their victims that of course were usually women became a huge exposit of these stories and the ones that would come after.But it also introduced homoeroticism, something that was completely taboo, and put a new hot go up into the vampire scene. Sexuality continued to be played up in following books and stories from the subtle cues in Interview with a Vampire to the monsterized aggressive distaff sexuality to the lesbian vampires f of Great Britains Hammer studio (Weinstock 4) from this to the BDSM and polygamy of the Anita Blake series. Sex both same and different sex became a huge part of the vampires identity in todays pop culture all starting here.If the monks that wrote the horror stories of what they thought were real vampires during the middle ages heard the stories of today, they would probably start flinging holy water while laughing at what society had come to think of the monsters that had plagued their cites. Vampires, which started out as a way to control the city, keep people in line, and to explain the unexplainable. Now you look at Vampires like Edward Cullen, Bill Compton or Stefan and Damon Salvatore, even Selene, which are all vampires and major heart throbs of today.Everywhere you turn there seems to be another vampire coming out and a huge teenage fan base to follow. The vampires in all of these stories bring a different light to the traditional vampire story, the most famous and noticeable being the vampires of Twilight that sparkle in the sunlight instead of bursting into flames. The characters in these stories are all part of what is described as the emotional vampire, An emotional vampire is defined is a vampire that has turned from his monster tendencies and has started trying to follow human moral philosophy and are fighting the struggle. Unknown par 36). This new generation of vampires was created by women for women, according to the article gallant Vampire Kissers about the vampires in todays most popular bo oks and shows, by Bernard Beck. Beck goes on to explain that vampire movies have more or less becomes chick flicks. In the article Vampires, Vampires Everywhere Jeffery Andrew Weinstock explains the main principles of todays vampire stories, the first being that they are always about sex, vampires represent a tabooed sexuality, simply vampires are naughty.Another part of vampire stories is that vampires themselves are more interesting than the humans that surround them, some how even though they are the undead vampires are more alive than the humans that are around them. Vampires are imperial, selfish, domineering and intensely physical, lurking beneath the human facade is pure animalistic sinew (Weinstock 4). Its this energy that usually draws the reader to the vampire of the story.The third main part of any vampire story is that the vampire comes back, go its because the vampire dies by stake through the heart or the vampire leaving on his own accord for the safety of the humans around them, they always come back, they return because the humans balk to let them die, refusing to let go. Some stories use voodoo to get them back from the dead, or in crepuscle Bella simply jumps off a cliff to get her vampires to come back, I wouldnt always reference for the attempted suicide path, it may not be as effective and have some spoiled consequences.One of the last pieces of the vampire puzzle is that the vampires are always considered outsiders, or other. Different articles have different theories on what vampires may represent as outsiders weather its coming out of the coffin being like coming out of the closet, so the vampires represent the fear of homosexuality in our society or weather it represents race or even weather its a representation of how we just cant seem to escape the gender roles that have been in place for thousands of years.The simple fact is that the vampire is an outsider in the community that it is in. Maybe this to is part of the allure tha t draws the females of this generation into these stories, that they are outsiders and the maternal instinct to take dread of all things make the female in the stories feel such sympathy in the book, or story that they are in. But how did we get from point A the terrifying animated corpses to point B of the sparkling lover vampire? The answer is really pretty simple Vampires are a malleable monster that have become what society has made them.As a society we no longer fear what the people of the middle ages feared, because we have cleared things up through science and technological advances, and our higher reasoning that vampires hold outt actually exist, so we have turned them more or less into fairy tale creatures. Making them as cute and cuddly as a teddy bear in most cases. These stories focus on love that is worth dying for because today most people have a deep inner fear of never finding that kind of love. Paired with this is the fear of getting old or at least looking like you are getting old, the vampires stories in pop culture coddle those fears.The article Meme of the Year Loving the Undead states that Vampires are the most relatable among the sci-fi, fiction and fantasy characters. Also most vampires in pop culture are wealthy and devastatingly handsome which plays off two things that have become very important in todays society, money and good looks will get you pretty much anywhere, pick up and news magazine and this will be confirmed. The worlds in Twilight and True Blood are centered around mystery and deception, love and sex, (Unknown2, par 2) The reason that the vampire stories have shifted so much over the course of history is because humans themselves have changed.Vampires have evolved into what humans want them to be, because they can easily look human and attempt to mesh into our world it brings us to these characters that are full of mysterious and speak to the side in most women that want a bad boy thats good to them. The books of Twil ight, True Blood and Vampire Diaries are flying off the shelves at bookstores and keeping an psychotic amount of viewers for their movies, or shows.Adults and teenagers both flocking to these new emotional vampires, now a large part of this is no doubt because of the looks of the men and women cast in these stories. But the shift in vampire stories has go forth a genre that doesnt have women in their typical role in the kitchen or doing female dominated jobs. But the Females in these stories are falling for the male leads in almost an unhealthy way becoming pretty much dependent on the men in their lives to keep them emotionally stable.It makes you esteem how this could be psychologically affecting the minds of tweens and teens that are obsessed with these stories. The main offender of this is the book and movie phenomenon Twilight, and the ideal boyfriend Edward Cullen. Though there arent enough studies to show the exact effect that literature and movies have on the brain, scien tist do know that they have and effect on the mind according to the journal A Boy Friend to Die For by Debra Merskin about Edward Cullen being a compensated psychopath.The point of her article is to prove that Edward Cullen is a compensated psychopath (CP). A compensated psychopath is someone that in innately psychopathic and on the higher end of it but has learned to function in society. In the book Bella becomes completely dependent on Edward ordain to almost kill herself to just hear a hallucination, and is willing to give up humanity just to be with him.Edward is controlling and manipulating of Bella, doing what he thinks is best for her to stay safe but usually just hurting her more in the process. Edward tells her who she can be friends with and when she can hang out with them. He tries to keep her from her best friend because he doesnt approve. Edward also twist the truth when he speaks to Bella telling her only what she needs to know and leaving the rest out, often not even bothering to tell her whats going on at all and Bella just keeps following him.Edward has so many of the traits in a classic case of compensated psychopath, he doesnt have a real since of morality, psychopaths also dont have the ability to feel real love, though Edward says he loves Bella the only thing pouring through the novel is the sexual tension, Edward realizes that the instant gratification of drinking Bellas blood would kill her and there would be nothing left for him to gain, this is stereotypical for CP, finding that you have to wait for your prey. (Merskin 155)All in all, Edward could be a great man for Bella but he has so many of the traits the psychiatrist would relate to having CP that its a little hard to imagine. The Vampire is the bad boy of the paranormal world (Merskin 152) but having teenagers who are still growing and finding themselves subjected to creature that is supposed to be perfect yet exhibits these behaviors is emotionally electronegative because thes e girls project and in turn want to find someone like their fiction character crush. In conclusion vampires are the monsters we make them.Society changes the image of the vampire due to what they need, they want and what their true fears are. Vampires started out with ill-considered legends and those that were sworn to see them all dead. Vampires in Slavic times were just control elements and explanations of what at the time could not be explained, monsters that stalked the innocent women. Bram Stokers Dracula and Anne Rices Interview with a Vampire were the next big jumps during the 70s changing them to the beginning of the emotional vampire and introducing the pure roguishness and sexual aspect, also making them relatable to the public by giving them emotions, hopes and desires.Finally come to todays pop culture, written by women for women, the irresistible bad boys of todays fiction world, a complete turn around, from ugly disgusting still live corpses to the sparkly vampires t hat teens and adults around the world have come to know and love. Is this love safe? No most likely not, but well just have to see what shift the vampire world makes next, hopefully back in the direction of monster.